Before this time many Europeans from the north, especially Scandinavians, remained polytheistic, though southern Europe was predominantly Christian from the 5th century onwards. Jousting and hunting were popular sports in the European Middle Ages, and the aristocratic classes developed passions for leisure activities. [112], By the will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel the Nobel Prize were established in 1895. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic, and philosophical principles that set it apart from other civilizations. The Greek and Roman paganism had been completely replaced by Christianity around the 4th and 5th centuries, since it became the official State religion following the baptism of the emperor Constantine I. Volleyball was created in Holyoke, Massachusetts, a city directly north of Springfield, in 1895. Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Western lifestyle or European civilization, is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe. [citation needed], The transistor, integrated circuit, memory chip, and computer were all first seen in the West. According to sociologists, culture consists of the values, beliefs, systems of language, communication, and practices that people share in common and that can be used to define them as a collective. [53][54] Much of art and literature, law, education, and politics were preserved in the teachings of the Church. Culture is a term that refers to a large and diverse set of mostly intangible aspects of social life. From the time of Alexander the Great (the Hellenistic period), Greek civilization came in contact with Jewish civilization. Radiography, computed tomography, positron emission tomography and medical ultrasonography are important diagnostic tools developed in the West. [2] The Near-Eastern civilizations of Ancient Egypt and the Levant, which came under Greek rule, became part of the Hellenistic world. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Jan van Eyck, among other renaissance painters, made great advances in oil painting, and perspective drawings and paintings had their earliest practitioners in Florence. It traces its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice and is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held. The Church in fact built Western civilization. Roman culture also mixed with Celtic, Germanic, and Slavic cultures, which slowly became integrated into Western culture: starting mainly with their acceptance of Christianity. New York, Messner (1955), harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLandes1969 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHunter1985 (, Charles Murray, Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. The Romans built immense structures such as the amphitheatres to house their festivals of sport. [61][63] Movements in art and philosophy, such as the Humanist movement of the Renaissance and the Scholastic movement of the High Middle Ages, were motivated by a drive to connect Catholicism with Greek and Arab thought imported by Christian pilgrims. These states also experienced major transformations in the form of the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution that defined their economic and cultural … [50] The rise of Christianity reshaped much of the Greco-Roman tradition and culture; the Christianised culture would be the basis for the development of Western civilization after the fall of Rome (which resulted from increasing pressure from barbarians outside Roman culture). Western civilization, western culture or the West is made up of European culturally derived societies (most notably in the Classical Roman heritage,Western Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), Democracy and Liberalism).This at least includes Western and Central Europe, English speaking North America, Australia and New Zealand.The identities of places such as … Photography, and the motion picture as both a technology and basis for entirely new art forms were also developed in the West. Western culture is characterized by a host of artistic, philosophic, literary and legal themes and traditions. Scholars have proposed a wide variety of theories to explain why the Great Divergence happened, including lack of government intervention, geography, colonialism, and customary traditions. [155], In the 16th century, a decrease in the preeminence of Latin in its literary use, along with the impact of economic change, the discoveries arising from trade and travel, navigation to the new world, science and arts and the development of increasingly rapid communications through print led to a rising corpus of vernacular media content in European society. A great number of popular global sports were first developed or codified in Europe. [88] Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals, plants[89] and fire. The influence of cinema and radio remained, while televisions became near essentials in every home. Various uses of the con… Coming into the modern era, the historical understanding of the East–West contrast—as the opposition of Christendom to its geographical neighbors—began to weaken. As in its artistic tradition, European literature pays deep tribute to human suffering. Muslim societies are more humane than portrayed in the West, while Western societies often fail to live up to their liberal mythology. Much of this set of traditions is collected in the Western canon. Learn more. [148][149] The landing of robots on Mars (2004 and 2012) and on an asteroid (2001), the Voyager 2 explorations of the outer planets (Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989), Voyager 1's passage into interstellar space (2013), and New Horizons' flyby of Pluto (2015) were significant recent Western achievements. [93][94], In the 20th century, Christianity declined in influence in many Western countries, mostly in the European Union where some member states have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years,[95] and also elsewhere. The United States also developed unique variations of English sports. The predecessor of the skyscraper can be found in the medieval towers erected in Bologna. The first expedition to circumnavigate the Earth (1522) was by Westerners, as well as the first journey to the South Pole (1911), and the first Moon landing (1969). The Jewish Christian tradition out of which it had emerged was all but extinguished, and antisemitism became increasingly entrenched or even integral to Christendom. A number of popular modern sports were devised or codified in Britain during the 19th Century and obtained global prominence—these include ping pong, modern tennis, association football, netball and rugby. The rediscovery of the Justinian Code in Western Europe early in the 10th century rekindled a passion for the discipline of law, which crossed many of the re-forming boundaries between East and West. [100] The solo piano, symphony orchestra, and the string quartet are also significant musical innovations of the West. [102] The ballroom dance is an important Western variety of dance for the elite. a: steeped in or stemming from the Greco-Roman traditions Western culture b : of or relating to the noncommunist countries of Europe and America Western powers But people i… Publications include Encyclopédie (1751–72) that was edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Indeed, western culture is a societal matter that only affects the living conditions of the people in the region. Western culture. The study of canon law, the legal system of the Catholic Church, fused with that of Roman law to form the basis of the refounding of Western legal scholarship. [60] This period is commonly referred to as the Renaissance. The first modern Olympic games were held at Athens in 1896. The term \"Western culture\" has come to define the culture of European countries as well as those that have been heavily influenced by European immigration, such as the United States, according to Khan University. For example, topics such as the birth of a child and sex are still taboo in some eastern countries.People in the west are also more open about their feelings. [156], After the launch of the satellite Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in 1957, satellite transmission technology was dramatically realised, with the United States launching Telstar in 1962 linking live media broadcasts from the UK to the US. Western music, music produced in Europe as well as those musics derived from the European from ancient times to the present day. Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis Roman civil law code was created in the East in his capital of Constantinople,[38] and that city maintained trade and intermittent political control over outposts such as Venice in the West for centuries. Since Homeric literature (the Trojan Wars), through the accounts of the Persian Wars of Greeks against Persians by Herodotus, and right up until the time of Alexander the Great, there was a paradigm of a contrast between Greeks and other civilizations. The Medieval West referred specifically to the Catholic "Latin" West, also called "Frankish" during Charlemagne's reign, in contrast to the Orthodox East, where Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire. Football(also known as soccer) remains hugely popular in Europe, but has grown from its origins to be known as the world game. Western culture is most strongly influenced by the Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman cultures. However, popular taste and genres vary widely, with Jazz, R n B, Rap, Pop, Rock, Country, western folk and metal being in vogue. [3][4][5] This period overlapped with and was followed by Rome, which made key contributions in law, government, engineering and political organization. For example, Western culture includes countries in Northern America, such as Canada and the United States, or Australasia, such as Australia and New Zealand, whose language and demographic ethnicity majorities are of European descent without indigenous influence. The University as a European Institution", in: harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVerger1999 (. Western culture is known for its materialism. Western Culture: When western people communicate with others, they like to be direct, and they often defend their own opinions to let other people agree with their ideas. Important Western architectural motifs include the Doric, Corinthian, and Ionic columns, and the Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque, and Victorian styles are still widely recognised, and used even today, in the West. Western cultures synonyms, Western cultures pronunciation, Western cultures translation, English dictionary definition of Western cultures. Indeed, if they go beyond a certain point in this direction they prove fatal to the existence of the national culture itself, as the catastrophic development of national socialism in Germany has … [132][133][134][135][136], Ubiquitous materials including aluminum, clear glass, synthetic rubber, synthetic diamond and the plastics polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene were discovered and developed or invented in the West. America, for example, is firmly Western in culture. However, in the past it was also the Eastern Roman Empire that had many features now seen as "Western," preserving Roman law, which was first codified by Justinian in the east,[38] as well as the traditions of scholarship around Plato, Aristotle, and Euclid that were later introduced to Italy during the Renaissance by Greek scholars fleeing the fall of Constantinople. [27][28] The Catholic Church established a hospital system in Medieval Europe that vastly improved upon the Roman valetudinaria[55] and Greek healing temples. It is difficult to determine which individuals fit into which category and the East–West contrast is sometimes criticized as relativistic and arbitrary. [164] In particular, over half of the populations of the Czech Republic (79% of the population was agnostic, atheist or irreligious), the United Kingdom (~25%), Germany (25–33%),[165] France (30–35%)[166][167][168] and the Netherlands (39–44%) are agnostic or atheist. Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world, where 70% are Christians.[96]. By the mid-20th century, Western culture was exported worldwide, and the development and growth of international transport and telecommunication (such as transatlantic cable and the radiotelephone) played a decisive role in modern globalization. [172] And 73% in Oceania are self-identify as Christian, and 76% in South Africa is Christian. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries. All these notions are now under revision and discussion, especially since the processes began of decolonization of the world. In contemporary usage, the Western World refers to Europe and other areas whose population originated from Europe. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. [146][147], Westerners are also known for their explorations of the globe and outer space. The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. The cultural definition of the Western world. Dance forms. Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of political pluralism, individualism, prominent subcultures or countercultures (such as New Age movements) and increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and human migration. Iron and steel ships, bridges and skyscrapers first appeared in the West. When people talk about Western culture, what exactly are they referring to? Secularism (separating religion from politics and science) increased. The soap opera, a popular culture dramatic form, originated in the United States first on radio in the 1930s, then a couple of decades later on television. [42] Appiah argues that the origin of the Western and European identity can be traced back to the Muslim invasion of Iberia where Christians would form a common Christian or European identity. [121][122] Nuclear power stations are derived from the first atomic pile constructed in Chicago in 1942. [26] Thus, the culture identified with East and West itself interchanges with time and place (from the ancient world to the modern). [43] Thus the Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 occurred in the Far East while the troubles surrounding the decline of the Ottoman Empire simultaneously occurred in the Near East. Much of Western architecture emphasizes repetition of simple motifs, straight lines and expansive, undecorated planes. [150][151][152][153][154], The roots of modern-day Western mass media can be traced back to the late 15th century, when printing presses began to operate throughout wealthy European cities. The "Greek" East was generally wealthier and more advanced than the "Latin" West[citation needed]. Many musical instruments developed in the West have come to see widespread use all over the world; among them are the violin, piano, pipe organ, saxophone, trombone, clarinet, accordion, and the theremin. The bat and ball sport of cricket was first played in England during the 16th century and was exported around the globe via the British Empire. Life in a western country is pretty easy as they have number of resources and facilitates. Western culture is a term that refers to the heritage of ethical values, traditions, customs, belief systems, technologies, and artefacts that define the lifestyles and beliefs of people from the Western part of the world. Comple ... the Western culture and European mode of civilization began to thrive and outgrow African cultural heritage. A wide range of sports was already established by the time of Ancient Greece and the military culture and the development of sports in Greece influenced one another considerably. behaviouristic definition of c ulture is, therefore inadequate. David & Suanne Miller established Western Culture Creamery & Farmstead in 2015. As religion became less important, and Europeans came into increasing contact with far away peoples, the old concept of Western culture began a slow evolution towards what it is today. Looking for definition of Western culture? [97] Some cultural and artistic modalities are characteristically Western in origin and form. At the same time, then as the printing press in the physical technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The ship's chronometer, the screw propeller, the locomotive, bicycle, automobile, and airplane were all invented in the West. Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. Western classical is built on the same notes i.e Do Ra Me Fa So La Ti. After the fall of the Roman Empire, many of the classical Greek texts were translated into Arabic and preserved in the medieval Islamic world. While the concept of a "West" did not exist until the emergence of the Roman Republic, the roots of the concept can be traced back to Ancient Greece. [35][page needed] Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation, with the experiments of the Enlightenment and breakthroughs in the sciences. The native religions of Europe were polytheistic but not homogenous – however, they were similar insofar as they were predominantly Indo-European in origin. For example, in Judaism and Christianity, God is the ultimate authority, while Greco-Roman tradition considers the ultimate authority to be reason. After the fall of Rome, much of Greco-Roman art, literature, science and even technology were all but lost in the western part of the old empire. So were the stethoscope, the electrocardiograph, and the endoscope. How to use culture in a sentence. The West went through a series of great cultural and social changes between 1945 and 1980. [113] The percentage of ethnically European Nobel prize winners during the first and second halves of the 20th century were respectively 98 and 94 percent. Westernization definition, the process of adopting, or of influencing others to adopt, ideas and practices characteristic of Europe and North America:Once preferred by most women in India, the sari became less popular due to westernization, with young women now preferring other attire such as skirts or pants. [117][118][119][120] The Otto and the Diesel internal combustion engines are products whose genesis and early development were in the West. Until the Age of Enlightenment,[62] Christian culture took over as the predominant force in Western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science for many years. The emergence of news media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press, from which the publishing press derives its name. [29] Christianity played a role in ending practices common among pagan societies, such as human sacrifice, slavery,[33] infanticide and polygamy. During the 20th century, there was a significant decline in Christian influence among most of the Western countries, particularly in the European Union. Western culture is most strongly influenced by the Greco-Roman and Christian cultures.[1]. During the Great Divergence, a term coined by Samuel Huntington[69] the Western world overcame pre-modern growth constraints and emerged during the 19th century as the most powerful and wealthy world civilization of the time, eclipsing Qing China, Mughal India, Tokugawa Japan, and the Ottoman Empire. [174] Non-believers/Agnostics account for 16%,[173] atheists account for 7%,[173] and Muslims account for 2%.[173]. With the exception of Italia, the wealthiest provinces of the Roman Empire were in the East, particularly Roman Egypt which was the wealthiest Roman province outside of Italia. Under the Frankish kings, it eventually, and partially, reunified, and the anarchy evolved into feudalism. See more. [42] Contemporary Latin chronicles from Spain described the victors in the Frankish victory over the Umayyads at the Battle of Tours as Europeans according to Appiah, denoting a shared sense of identity.[42]. In that sense, it has been denounced that one of The characteristics of Western culture is its ethnocentric character, a paradigm that they specifically call eurocentrism. Today, the influences of Wester… Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, and European civilization, is the heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies of the Western World that originated in or are associated with Europe. More often the ideology of a state's inhabitants is what will be used to categorize it as a Western society. Define Western culture by Webster's Dictionary, WordNet Lexical Database, Dictionary of Computing, Legal Dictionary, Medical Dictionary, Dream Dictionary. More often the ideology of a state's inhabitants is what will be used to categorize it as a Western society. The Romans exhibited a passion for blood sports, such as the infamous Gladiatorial battles that pitted contestants against one another in a fight to the death. [144][145], In business, economics, and finance, double entry bookkeeping, credit cards, and the charge card were all first used in the West. New ideas and beliefs spread around Europe and were fostered by an increase in literacy due to a departure from solely religious texts. Although political and economic models have varied, all have had in common the promotion of Western culture as a universal value. [173] Catholics are the largest Christian group, accounting for 48% of the EU citizens, while Protestants make up 12%, Eastern Orthodox make up 8% and other Christians make up 4%. What is thought of as Western thought today originates primarily from Greco-Roman and Germanic influences, and includes the ideals of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment, as well as Christian culture. What is Western Culture: The universe of values, customs, practices, traditions, religious beliefs, economic system and political-social organization representative of Western Europe and Europe is known as Western culture from the west, either because they originated there, or because they were assumed as their own. Australian Rules Football, an Australian variation of football with similarities to Gaelic football and rugby evolved in the British colony of Victoria in the mid-19th century. western-culture | definition: relating to or characteristic of the western parts of the world or the West as opposed to the eastern or oriental parts | synonyms: occidental, Hesperian, Occident, West| antonyms: eastern, eastern United States, southeastern, middle Atlantic, east-central “It is the catchword of every politician, the secular gospel of our economic, ‘free enterprise’ system, and the foundation of all our cultural activities.” Throughout the Western world there are increasing numbers of people who seek to revive the indigenous religions of their European ancestors; such groups include Germanic, Roman, Hellenic, Celtic, Slavic, and polytheistic reconstructionist movements. The most important Hellenistic centre of learning was Ptolemaic Egypt, which attracted Greek, Egyptian, Jewish, Persian, Phoenician and even Indian scholars. Unlike the subtle and indirect way for Chinese people, westerners don’t mind a direct way for the truth. In the Catholic or Frankish west, Roman law became the foundation on which all legal concepts and systems were based. Westernization reached much of the world as part of the process of colonialism and continues to be a significant cultural phenomenon as a result of globalization. Empiricism later gave rise to the scientific method, the scientific revolution, and the Age of Enlightenment. The Greeks contrasted themselves with both their Eastern neighbours (such as the Trojans in Iliad) as well as their Western neighbours (who they considered barbarians). The process was accompanied and reinforced by the Age of Discovery and continued into the modern period. [6] The concept of a "West" dates back to the Roman Empire, where there was a cultural divide between the Greek East and Latin West, a divide that later continued in Medieval Europe between the Catholic Latin Church west and the "Greek" Eastern Orthodox east. Likewise, Wicca, New Age spirituality and other neo-pagan belief systems enjoy notable minority support in Western states. [23][24][25], Medieval Christianity is credited with creating the first modern universities. The Greek classics along with Arabic science, philosophy and technology were transmitted to Western Europe and translated into Latin, sparking the Renaissance of the 12th century and 13th century. For about five hundred years, the Roman Empire maintained the Greek East and consolidated a Latin West, but an East-West division remained, reflected in many cultural norms of the two areas, including language. In physics, the science of mechanics and quantum mechanics, relativity, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics were all developed by Westerners. [97] Tragedy, from its ritually and mythologically inspired Greek origins to modern forms where struggle and downfall are often rooted in psychological or social, rather than mythical, motives, is also widely considered a specifically European creation and can be seen as a forerunner of some aspects of both the novel and of classical opera. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century,". [19][20][21][22] A cornerstone of Western thought, beginning in ancient Greece and continuing through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, is the idea of rationalism in various spheres of life developed by Hellenistic philosophy, scholasticism and humanism. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are some of the most common religions practiced in the Western world.People in the west are more open-minded than those in the east. Western culture - the modern culture of western Europe and North America; "when Ghandi was asked what he thought of Western civilization he said he thought it would be a good idea" The Church founded many cathedrals, universities, monasteries and seminaries, some of which continue to exist today. This included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools. [157], Beginning in the 1990s, the Internet has contributed to a tremendous increase in the accessibility of Western media content. In the following century, this process was further enhanced by an exodus of Greek Christian priests and scholars to Italian cities such as Venice after the end of the Byzantine Empire with the fall of Constantinople. Greek and Roman theatre are considered the antecedents of modern theatre, and forms such as medieval theatre, passion plays, morality plays, and commedia dell'arte are considered highly influential. [48][49] Nevertheless, the Celts in the West created some significant literature in the ancient world whenever they were given the opportunity (an example being the poet Caecilius Statius), and they developed a large amount of scientific knowledge themselves (as seen in their Coligny Calendar). [96], According to new polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for 72% of the EU population. 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