During the Presidential Election of 1856 a key plank of the newly formed Republican Party's platform was a pledge "to prohibit in the territories those twin relics of barbarism: polygamy and slavery". Then, as the army threat disappeared, the foundation was uncovered as temple work was ready to resume. By 1860, sectional strife split the Democratic Party into northern and southern wings, indirectly leading to the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1860. The History of Utah is an examination of the human history and social activity within the state of Utah located in the western United States. June – On the head-waters of the Sweet-Water, met Grosebecks' camp going to Platt Bridge for a train of goods. . ]. As a result, Johnston's army spent a miserable winter with little shelter and food. Historians have used the fact that Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston and several of his officers, with many enlisted men, joined the Confederacy in 1861 as proof that the army was sent to Utah as part of a southern plot to grab the West for the Confederacy. Fortunately, the lull in hostilities during the winter provided an opportunity for negotiations, and direct confrontation was avoided. Brigham Young replied that if the troops were withdrawn from the territory, the people would stop moving. Largely due to their evacuation, the settlers' livelihoods and economic well-being were seriously impacted for at least that year and perhaps longer. However, prisoners were captured by both sides, and the army began to grow weary of the constant Mormon harassment throughout the fall. Young disagreed with Buchanan's choices for governor of the territory. Their neighbors were worried that Mormons could take control of state and local politics. Buchanan also decided to send a force of 2,500 army troops to build a post in Utah and to act as a posse comitatus once the new governor had been installed. I deprecate it as an intolerable evil. Mormon Elias Blackburn recorded in his journal, The roads are crowded with the Saints moving south. They aren't any This event was later called the Mountain Meadows Massacre and the motives behind the incident remain unclear. As soon as future Church President returned from his mission to Hawaii, he joined the Nauvoo Legion and was sent up to Echo Canyon to help keep watch over the army’s Camp Scott bivouac. The Expedition's cavalry, the 2nd Dragoons, was kept in Kansas for the same reason. [58] Upon approval of his mission by the President, Kane immediately started for Utah. This can be a sensitive issue to some students, but to others it’s simply a fact that polygamy was once practiced by Mormons. [27] Others had severe difficulties adjusting to the Mormon-dominated territorial government and the unique Mormon culture. However, the President would not wait. This would be a simple political attack if it weren’t for the way Mormons were used to create this image. The city is 50 per cent better in structure and situation than I expected. White from Fort Yuma's acting commander, Lt. A. It was so full of lies, and showed so much meanness, that it elicited three groans from the company. He interviewed leaders and townspeople and "... attended Sunday services, heard emotional speeches, and saw the Saints raise their hands in a unanimous resolution to guard against any 'invader.'" So why did the U.S. Army “invade” Utah. [15][16], Taking all incidents into account, MacKinnon estimates that approximately 150 people died as a direct result of the year-long Utah War, including the 120 migrants killed at Mountain Meadows. I am feeding 100 men, all hard at work. But every significant bill that they passed fell before the votes of southern Democratic Senators or suffered a presidential veto. Richard Bennett, The Lion and the Emperor: The Mormons, the Hudson's Bay Company, and Vancouver Island, 1846–1858, BC Studies, no. This made the press martyr the Mormons and were sent a full pardon in 1848. President Millard Fillmore selected Brigham Young, President of the LDS Church, as the first governor of the Territory. . For the Democrats, attacks on Mormonism had the dual purpose of disentangling polygamy from popular sovereignty, and distracting the nation from the ongoing battles over slavery.[25]. Then the Confederate leader postponed his attack until … The Mormons usually voted for the same candidates. After Joseph prayed for guidance, where did he take his followers? Many hours, miles and personal library additions have added to my knowledge of U.S. history, particularly the American Civil War and this peculiar event called the Utah War. 0 Comments, posted by Curtis @ 9:03 AM   We found the city evacuated, all had gone to Provo except a few men left to burn the city if ordered. There were some casualties, mostly non-Mormon civilians. Cumming thereafter became a moderate voice, and opposed the hardline against the Mormons proposed by Colonel Johnston and other federal officials still at Camp Scott. They were released but were later murdered and robbed of their stock and $25,000. What are Utah’s three regions and where are they? I guess that makes sense, mormons do know most about mormonism :) I don't really understand why America is worried about mormons. Although the migrants brought opportunities for trade, they also ended the Mormons' short-lived isolation. And the Mormons were to blame, as they saw it. At the height of the tensions, on September 11, 1857, between 95 and 120 California-bound settlers from Arkansas, Missouri and other states, including unarmed men, women and children, were killed in remote southwestern Utah by a group of local Mormon militia. But they were met with distrust and hostility everywhere they went. Johnston is all for the church’s efforts toward providing answers to Mormons who question the faith. Guns were manufactured and ammunition was cast. 5 July 1857: Brigham Young refers in a sermon to "rumors" that the U.S. is sending 1,500-2,000 troops into the, 13 July 1857: President Buchanan appoints, 18 July 1857: Col. Alexander and his troops begin the journey to Utah, at the same time, Mormons, 23 July 1857: Rockwell and Smoot arrive in. The confrontation between the Mormon militia, called the Nauvoo Legion, and the U.S. Army involved some destruction of property and a few brief skirmishes in what is today southwestern Wyoming, but no battles occurred between the contending military forces. We will defeat Trump's rebellion, but we must also take care to protect America's soul. It is captioned: "Triumphal Passage of United States Troops through SaltLake City." Settlers living near the 7,000 troops quartered in Cedar Valley did sell the troops lumber for building construction, farm produce and manufactured goods. CAPTAIN JESSE GOVE, 10TH INFANTRY, letter to his wife: "26th (June). Mormon mail contractors, including Porter Rockwell and Abraham O. Smoot, received word in Missouri that their contract was canceled[36] and that the Army was on the move. The army was not given instructions on how to react in case of resistance. The confrontation lasted from May 1857 to July 1858. Fearing the worst, Young ordered residents throughout Utah territory to prepare for evacuation, making plans to burn their homes and property and to stockpile food and stock feed. What was “Buchanan’s Blunder”? The movement may have included the relocation of nearly 30,000 people between March and July. Kane left Utah Territory for Washington, D.C. in May to report to President Buchanan on the results of his mission. Start studying Social Studies, Chapter 6. The accusations were read by Gunnison's widow, who wrote to the Judge that she also believed the Mormons were involved in the death of her husband. ", "IMPORTANT FROM UTAH. The Mormons were pleased by the appointment, but gradually the amicable relationship between Mormons and the federal government broke down. Planning to trade both with the Indians and the westward-bound emigrants, the first fort was composed of two double-log houses about 40 feet long, joined by a pen for horses, and provided a small blacksmith shop. Johnston's Army 28 The "Assassination" of Two Gentiles 40 Land Jumping 47 The Union Vedette 55 Reaction to the Boycott 64 4. The Latter-day Saints and federal appointees in the Territory faced continual dispute. At Young’s request, Kane petitioned Buchanan, asking to mediate the conflict. Then they burned down 12 businesses and a number of farms. 128 Winter 2000/01. so my mom and i get into arguments about race a lot, specifically about the racism of the church. Buchanan's proclamation was also unpopular among the Mormon rank and file. For instance, from 1853–1855, the territorial supreme court was composed of two non-Mormons and one Mormon. In early August, Young re-activated the Nauvoo Legion. He further charged the Church with murder, destruction of federal court records, harassment of federal officers, and slandering the federal government. Guy Hicks, a Mormon and former officer in the Army Reserve Special Forces, said there is a public misperception that members of the Mormon Church do not serve in the military. Mormon pioneers began leaving the United States for Utah after a series of severe conflicts with neighboring communities in Missouri and Illinois resulted, in 1844, in the death of Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Latter-day Saint movement.[18]. Johnston's Army settled in Camp Floyd, in a valley 50 miles southwest of Salt Lake City and separated from Provo (the second-largest city in the territory) by Utah Lake and a small range of mountains. The Mormons had a friend in U.S. Army Colonel Thomas Kane, an ally during painful times in Missouri and Illinois. There were some casualties, mostly non-Mormon civilians. Everett Cooley (ed. Van Vliet carried a letter to Young from General Harney ordering Young to make arrangements for the citizens of Utah to accommodate and supply the troops once they arrived. Although the United States had gained control of the settled parts of Alta California and Nuevo México in 1846 in the early stages of the Mexican–American War, legal transfer of the Mexican Cession to the U.S. came only with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the war in 1848. 2 Comments, posted by Curtis @ 1:03 PM   Use every exertion to stampede their animals and set fire to their trains. Anyways a few days ago I asked this question on another account about my dreams, and today I was visited by Mormons. It seems that Kane successfully convinced Young to accept Buchanan's appointment of Cumming as Territorial governor, although Young had expressed his willingness to accept such terms at the very beginning of the crisis. Most of them had spent a cold winter with substandard rations, indequate clothing, and poor shelter. The war had no notable military battles. Conflict between the Mormons and the federal government, particularly over the issue of polygamy, would continue for nearly 40 years before Utah was finally made a state in 1896, and was perhaps not fully resolved until the Smoot Hearings of 1904–1907. [37] Young and the Mormon community feared renewed persecution and possibly annihilation by a large body of federal troops. Dealing with a heavy snowfall and intense cold, the Mormon men built fortifications, dug rifle pits and dammed streams and rivers in preparation for a possible battle either that fall or the following spring. Brigham Young, who was governor, is dismissed from office but is not Arthur P. Welchman, a member of a company of missionaries that was recalled due to the war, wrote of the document:[66]. He, like so many Mormons before … Meanwhile, Mormons have begun settling western Missouri since 1831. Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), often called Mormon pioneers, began settling in what is now Utah (then part of Alta California in the Centralist Republic of Mexico) in the summer of 1847. The “Utah War" of 1857-1858 certainly qualifies as one. Here's where I disagree with your above working notes: I don't agree with the number "800" — people in the past often exaggerated numbers. Zion’s Camp is launched to help rescue the persecuted Mormons in Missouri who are being mobbed and attacked. Several thousand more militiamen prepared their families for evacuation and underwent military training. April 1857: The press in the Eastern U.S. begins to speculate on who would be appointed to replace Brigham Young. Even during the most difficult times, Mormons have been willing to serve their country. Young's strategies to defend the Saints vacillated between all-out war, a more limited confrontation, and retreat. Therefore in April, the President sent an official peace commission to Utah consisting of Benjamin McCulloch and Lazarus Powell, which arrived in June. Nevertheless, by the end of the winter Young had decided to enforce his "Sevastopol Policy", a plan to evacuate the Territory and burn it to the ground rather than fight the army openly. Van Vliet had been previously known by the Latter-day Saints in Iowa, and they trusted and respected him. Residents of Utah County just south of Salt Lake were asked to build and maintain roads and to help the incoming inhabitants of the northern communities. Colonel Johnston took command of the combined U.S. forces in early November, by this time the command was hampered by a lack of supplies, animals, and the early onset of winter. were proven false, the stories about Utah especially concerning polygamy would not go away. At these times, the leadership of the LDS Church supported polygamy or "plural marriage" as it was called by the Mormons. The historian Brigham Madsen notes, "[T]he responsibility for the [Fort Limhi raid] lay mainly with the Bannock. [38] Some Mormon leaders encouraged intermarriage with the Indians so that the two peoples might "unite together" and their "interests become one".[39]. Ives was instructed to proceed with extreme caution, since treacherous Mormons might already be lurking on the Colorado above Yuma. [35][verification needed] While Young became aware of the change in territorial administration through press reports and other sources, he received no official notification of his replacement until Cumming arrived in the Territory in November 1857. Washington: War Department, Adjutant General's Office, August 29, 1857. •5. Despite Sherman's confidence in the Army of the Tennessee, one historian has characterized McPherson as the "least aggressive" commander of that army; another considers that he "worried too much about what might be 'on . It is a bit biased as is the caption. [57], The journals of members of the Ives expedition as well as the Mormons from Hamblin's group attest to the tension and war hysteria among both the US Army and the Mormons in these remote territories.[57]. Hi, I got a question. [15] Consequently, at the end of March 1858, settlers in the northern counties of Utah including Salt Lake City boarded up their homes and farms and began to move south, leaving small groups of men and boys behind to burn the settlements if necessary. He won an early victory at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in July 1861, but was later criticized for being quick to retreat during the early stages of the Pen… He was to pass himself off as a renegade from Utah and then learn as much as possible about Ives's intentions; however, his guise failed since one of Ives's men who had been to Utah claimed to recognize him as a Mormon bishop. [57], Hamblin's group made direct contact with Ives expedition by sending Thaïes Haskell, to hail the steamer's crew from the bank while the other Mormons remained in hiding. failing to provide an adequate resupply train for the winter. Because of Harney's unavailability, Col. Edmund Alexander was charged with the first detachment of troops headed for Utah. Mormons were not unaccustomed to prejudice and targeted violence throughout 1830s into 1850 and as result they had become militarized to certain extent before and after the Utah War. Johnston's Army received order's to leave Camp Floyd. In the end, negotiations between the United States and the Latter-day Saints resulted in a full pardon for the Mormons (except those involved in the Mountain Meadows murders), the transfer of Utah's governorship from church President Brigham Young to non-Mormon Alfred Cumming, and the peaceful entrance of the U.S. Army into Utah. They boxed and carried with them twenty thousand bushels of tithing grain, as well as machinery, equipment, and all the Church records and books. Joseph E. Johnston (1807-1891) was a U.S. military officer who served as a Confederate general during the Civil War (1861-65). However, overall command was assigned to Col. Albert Sidney Johnston who did not leave Kansas until much later. Johnston’s Army is Stopped by Winter Snows (154-155) What did the US Army find when they reached Fort Bridger? Explain the move South and what Brigham Young wanted to … He counts himself among them. [11], The Aiken massacre took place the following month. This already tense situation was further exacerbated by a period of intense religious revival starting in late 1856 dubbed the "Mormon Reformation". In early July, the Mormons from the northern settlements began to return to their homes after it was clear that no more reinforcements were being sent into Utah from either the east or west. The Mormon militia used Guard Quarters to watch for raiding Indians and the invading soldiers of Johnston's Army. . March 1858: Kane visits camp Scott, and persuades Governor Cumming to travel to Salt Lake City without his military escort, under guarantee of safe conduct. Though bloodshed was to be avoided, and the U.S. government also hoped that its purpose might be attained without the loss of life, both sides prepared for war. As it was, July was already far into the campaigning season, and the army and their supply train were unprepared for winter in the Rocky Mountains. As early as February 1858, Young had sent parties to explore the White Mountains on what is now the Utah/Nevada border where he, erroneously, believed there were valleys that could comfortably harbor up to 100,000 individuals. In many ways, the Utah War was a civil war itself, just four years before the real thing. . The Mormons were forced to flee to Ohio, then Missouri, and back to Illinois, where Smith was murdered in 1844. [71] The all Mormon grand jury refused an indictment citing a lack of evidence for Young's marriage to Amelia Folsom in January of that year.[72]. [12][13], Other incidents of violence have also been linked to the Utah War, including an Indian attack on the Mormon mission of Fort Lemhi in eastern Oregon Territory, modern day Idaho. On 31 December 1857, several days before Ives's arrival at Fort Yuma, Johnson's party steamed upstream from Yuma aboard the steamer "General Jesup". A number of Mormon settlements in Idaho, Nevada and California would not be resettled for decades and some were permanently abandoned. During the war, Lot Smith and the Nauvoo Legion burned roughly 52 wagons belonging to outfitters Russell, Majors and Waddell. [40] This meeting may have been Young's attempt to win Indian support against the United States and refrain from raids against Mormon settlements. •#5 Slavery •Many of the Mormons were from England and the Northern States where 1, 93-94. He was now ordered to ascend the Colorado to the head of navigation with utmost speed to determine the feasibility of transporting troops and war materiel up the Colorado by steamer to the mouth of the Virgin River, and thence overland to Utah. Popular sovereignty was the theoretical basis of the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. However, the rest of American society rejected polygamy, and some commentators accused the Mormons of gross immorality. However, he found the residents of Utah determined to defend themselves. 28 August 1857: Col. Johnston is ordered to replace Gen. Harney as commander of the U.S. troops. [46] Van Vliet found it impossible to persuade resentful Mormon leaders that the Army had peaceful intentions. The Mormons had a friend in U.S. Army Colonel Thomas Kane, an ally during painful times in Missouri and Illinois. What was the chief benefit of Johnston's Army for the settlers in Utah? These letters reported that Mormons were already engaged in hostilities with United States Army forces who were attempting to enter Utah from the east, and Ives's expedition took on a new meaning. A year's worth of work improving their living conditions had essentially been lost. The second American Civil War is here. As Johnston fought his way through Echo Canyon, the army launched a second attack westward along the Oregon trail which caught a large number of Mormons in the open. Brigham Young echoed the opinion of many Latter-day Saints when he declared "I love the government and the Constitution of the United States, but I do not love the damned rascals that administer the government. incurring the expense of sending troops without investigating the reports on Utah's disloyalty to the United States, dispatching the expedition late in the season, and. Even though the main body of Saints was removed from the violence, members of the Church were still highly invested in what was going on during the war, partly because of the family and friends they had left behind that were now caught in the conflict. War was avoided as the army realized there was no rebellion. "The men in Johnston's Army are fascinating. The Captain therefore left his escort and proceeded alone.[42]. In fact, Johnston’s army needed foodstuffs for the soldiers and feed for their horses, providing an economic windfall for the new settlers. Under massive popular and political pressure, President Buchanan decided to take decisive action against the Mormons soon after his inauguration on 4 March 1857. Left camp early. Mormon Nazis: New book uncovers LDS support for the Third Reich A startling new book argues that German Mormons in the 1930s were not just … Two years later, his successor, Brigham Young, led the Mormons across a thousand miles of unsettled territory to the Great Salt Lake, where they established their own state of Deseret. Called 'Buchanan's Blunder' by elements of the national press,[4] the President was criticized for: However, the people of Utah lost much during the brief period of conflict. Armed conflict in the Utah Territory between 1857–1858, Polygamy, popular sovereignty, and slavery, December 1857 – March 1858: winter intermission, Utah War: U.S. Government Versus Mormon Settlers, Donna G. Ramos, Historynet LLC, [Magazine] Editor, 1919 Gallows Road, Ste 400 In 1857–58, President James Buchanan sent U.S. forces to the Utah Territory in what became known as the Utah Expedition. David Bigler has shown that Young originally intended this evacuation to go northwards toward the Bitterroot Valley in present day Montana. By these Brethren we had a proclamation from President Buchannan [sic] to the Inhabitants of Utah read to us. The Mormons evacuated Salt Lake City and were ready to burn it down rather than let outsiders take their city, but this was avoided. Although Eastern editors continued to condemn the Mormons' religious beliefs and practices, they praised their heroism in the face of military threat. Of 5 January 1858 the potential of derailing the Compromise on slavery a new,... Washington, D.C. in company with Dr. John M. Bernhisel, Utah was nominal... 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