The hyphen should not be confused with dashes (figure dash ‒, en dash –, em dash —, horizontal bar ―), which are longer and have … Comments (2). The word that follows the hyphen begins with a numeral (e.g., mid-2016). As a writer, if you’re struggling with hyphens in long modifier chains, moving the modifier to the end of the phrase can help untangle more obscure or dense sentences. The Publication Manual contains additional guidance on when to use hyphens (e.g., in conjunction with capitalized base words or numerals). Use title case when writing the title of a book, song, play, etc. Hyphen-minus Non-breaking hyphen Hebrew maqaf The hyphen ‐ is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. Examples of Comparative or Superlative Adjectives. And many of us might remember learning about compound words, too. This may sound like a judgment call, but the following guidelines can help you make the call in many cases. If a compound word does not appear in the dictionary, it is called a temporary compound. The APA Publication Manual, in fact, insists that you not break words at line-endings in any case, but that can lead to lines that are too brief and aesthetically unbalanced. Use a hyphen when the two words you wish to combine create a brand new meaning when they are put together. Note: You don’t need a hyphen when multiple modifiers work independently to modify a noun (e.g., critical social issues). Hyphen defenders (or is it hyphen-defenders? All five general principles for hyphens can also be found in this FAQ. Because APA style is … Comments (0). Adverbs ending in -ly are understood to modify the word that follows. Posted by Timothy McAdoo at 12:10 PM Permalink in Grammar and usage, How-to, Hyphenation Capitalization; Word order rules. Comments (7), Technorati Tags: in Hyphenation Also, use it in newspaper and magazine headlines, as well as titles and subtitles for an article. Compound adjectives are two or more connected words acting as one modifier (e.g., client-centered or all-inclusive). Most words with prefixes are written without a hyphen after the prefix in APA Style. Punctuation—Hyphens and Dashes Hyphens (-) are used to connect two or more words (and numbers) into a single concept, especially for building adjectives. Hyphens Style Apa In. Words with prefixes and suffixes are usually written without a hyphen in APA Style. The table below contains some of the most common prefixes, examples of correct usage, and examples of exceptions. AUTHOR and AUTHOR (for two authors). This usage of the en dash is especially common in British English, while the em dash is more prevalent in American English.. In most cases, the APA Style dictates that there is no hyphen after the prefix; however, there are some exceptions, especially with technical terminology. A hyphen is needed, because bias and free are both essential to convey the concept bias-free. For more information on hyphenation principles, see Section 4.13 in the Publication Manual, our FAQ on hyphenation, or leave a comment below. Note that if the modifiers come after the common base, no hyphens should be used, but the base of the word can still be omitted. If a word has the same spelling but different meanings, it might be prudent to use a hyphen after the prefix to differentiate them. ), take heart. If a minus sign is not available in your Word-processing program, use a hyphen with space on both sides (e.g., a – b). In a similar way, comparative or superlative adjectives modify the word that follows and do not need hyphens. Use of the hyphen is far from standardized. Use a hyphen when the compound goes before the noun it modifies: The word could be misread without a hyphen (e.g.. Use a hyphen between two numbers spelled out: tens and units (21 – 99): AP "when large numbers must be spelled out, use a hyphen to connect a word ending in -y to another word: twenty-one, fifty-five, etc." To add an en dash in Microsoft Word if you are using a full PC keyboard, hold the Control key and … If an author's first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen and include a period after each initial. Most of us know what an adjective is. However, the rule about hyphens and -ly adverbs is easy enough to master: When a compound modifier–two or more words that express a single concept–precedes a noun, use hyphens to link all the words in the compound except the adverb very and all adverbs that end in -ly. in Grammar and usage, How-to, Hyphenation © 2020 American Psychological Association, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242, Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500, one hyphenated word (e.g., self-esteem), or. | Posted by Claire Merenda at 1:16 PM The word is shown as permanently hyphenated in, A prefix is being added to a compound word that is already hyphenated (e.g., adding. Source: APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition, Section 9.8, page 286. Manuscript Elements 2.1 Running Head No short title. But what is a compound adjective? Hyphenation comes with many rules (see left and below), few of which get committed to memory (unlike the spelling rule i before e except after c).Happily, most issues can be resolved with one of the following four resources: two dictionaries, the APA Publication Manual, and the spell checker in your word processing software. Language rules; Punctuation. For example, if a compound adjective appears before a noun, use a hyphen (e.g., decision-making behavior, high-anxiety group). Modifiers; Dangling modifiers; Misplaced modifiers How to Quote a Foreign-Language Source and Its Translation, Pluralize Numbers and Abbreviations Without Apostrophes. Below is a short list of rules for prefix … Slide 5 AUTHOR (for a single author). The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. A common mistake is using both forms in the same text or spacing the punctuation incorrectly: No. Permalink Punctuation rules are hard to grasp. Posted by Chelsea Lee at 12:26 PM Language rules. | A hyphen is not needed because concise and writing independently modify the noun tone. If you choose to use en dashes in this way, make sure to do so consistently. For both en dashes and em dashes, do not put any spaces before or after the dashes. | For a negative value, use a hyphen rather than a minus sign, with a space before but no space after (e.g., -5.25). Abbreviate and hyphenate the initials if the author has a two-part, hyphenated first name in both in-text citations and in the references. Use a hyphen when two or more words act as a single adjective before a noun. —AP Stylebook, 2013 edition. This is no longer a case of a compound, but rather two independent adjectives. It’s not like a simple dash or something. A hyphen should be used with a prefix under the following conditions: The word could be misread without a hyphen (e.g., re-pair, meaning to pair again, vs. repair, meaning to fix). the journal style sheet. Likewise, some married people use hyphens to combine their last name with their spouse's: There are fewer Italian-American communities these days. Only surname and in full caps for author names. These and other examples where a hyphen should not be included can be found in Table 4.1 on page 98 of the Manual. Never hesitate to add a hyphen if it solves a possible problem. Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or an awkward combination of letters: re-sign a petition (vs. resign from a job) semi-independent (but semiconscious) shell-like (but childlike) Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex- (meaning former), self-, all-; with the suffix -elect; between a prefix and a capitalized word; and with figures or letters: Cite in-text a hyphenated last name as you would any other reference, but leave out suffixes. She is twenty-one. There are two types of dashes in APA style: en dashes and em dashes. The most important principle for writing temporary compounds is to use hyphens in them to prevent misreading. General Rules for Using Hyphenation. If a compound word does not appear in the dictionary, it is called a temporary compound. Example: “Be sure to utilize bias-free language.” Is it bias language and free language? It is usually used with a compound modifier when the modifier comes before the word it’s modifying. Use a hyphen to join words together to avoid ambiguity. 2. A full list of prefixes (and suffixes) to which this rule applies appears in Table 4.2 of the Publication Manual. And stay tuned for more posts in our hyphenation station series! Here are the rules that have to be followed for journals adhering to NJD-APA style irrespective of their level of editing. APA GUIDELINES FOR GRAMMAR and PUNCTUATION ... hyphen if the term can be misread or if the term expresses a single thought (i.e., all words together modify the noun). @Sverre: I came up with these rules by (a) reading guidelines for hyphenation in various places and (b) looking at dictionary hyphenations and deducing what rules would explain them. When multiple modifiers have a common base, the base can be omitted in all except the last modifier, but the hyphens should be retained. If you followed this rule, you would write I am going to use the 5-GHz band ( 5-GHz is a compound adjective modifying the noun band ). For example, if a professor asks a class to write nine page reports, a well-placed hyphen would clarify if the students should each write nine separate reports about a page (nine “page reports”) or each write reports that are nine pages in length (nine-page reports). The title case refers to the capitalization rules surrounding titles and subtitles. | In general, follow the hyphenation shown in the Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary and the APA Dictionary of Psychology to determine how to spell and hyphenate words in APA Style papers. | Following are two examples of well-advised hyphens: Confusing: Springfield has little town charm. I have been thinking about these rules on and off for the last 30 … Hyphenate spelled-out numbers between 21 and 99 (twenty-one, ninety-nine). Citation organizes research notes and generates references, as footnotes, endnotes, and bibliographies, in over 1,000 predefined publishing styles, including many journal specific styles, most academic presses, many organizational style guides / instructions to authors (such as AAA, AMA, MLA, … While APA format may seem complex, it will become easier once you familiarize yourself with the rules and format. The table below contains some of the most common prefixes, examples of correct usage, and examples of exceptions. Hyphens are punctuation marks used to link multiple words. General Principle 1 (from p. 98) says “If a compound adjective can be misread, use a hyphen.” But, the reverse is also true: If the compound adjective is clear as it stands, you do not need a hyphen. For example, in the phrase widely attended gatherings readers understand that widely modifies attended. –Use a hyphen if the word that follows is capitalized. Rule 5. A hyphen (-) is a punctuation mark that is used to join words or to separate the syllables of a single word. Click the arrows to see examples of this type of hyphen use in action. For example, recreation and re-creationhave different meanings, one being a fun activity and the other being to create again. A hyphen is usually used in APA Style when two or more words modify a common noun (and that noun comes after the modifiers), for example, 7-point scale or client-centered counseling. If a compound adjective can be misread, use a hyphen. Posted by Chelsea Lee at 11:05 AM Non-hyphenated is an example of a hyphenated word. A hyphen should be used with a prefix under the following conditions: For more information on hyphenation principles, see Section 4.13 of the Publication Manual, our FAQ, or leave a comment below. However, if the compound adjective comes after the noun, the relationships between the words may be intelligible without a hyphen (e.g., counseling that is client centered). If a compound adjective can be misread, use a hyphen. APA notes that "Villafuerte" comes before "Villa-Lobos." If the original meaning is maintained, then it’s not a compound modifier. in Grammar and usage, How-to, Hyphenation The en dash is shorter, named after the width of the letter "n," and the em dash is longer, named after the width of the letter "m." Each has distinct uses in writing. A hyphen is usually used in APA Style when two or more words modify a common noun (and that noun comes after the modifiers), for example, 7-point scale or client-centered counseling. Cite in-text a hyphenated last name as you would any other reference, but leave out suffixes. 21–27. Hyphenation is covered in Section 6.12 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition. The double vowels aa, ii, oo, or uu would occur without a hyphen (e.g., anti-intellectual is correct, not antiintellectual ). Yes. Punctuation; Commas (,) Semicolons (;) Colons (:) Quotation marks (“”) Apostrophes (‘) Dashes (– or —) Hyphens (-) Parentheses Question marks (?) En dash APA notes that "Villafuerte" comes before "Villa-Lobos." If the professor in the previous example had asked for reports that are nine pages long, there would likely be no misunderstanding. Example: “Always strive for a concise writing tone in your research.” Is it a concise tone and a writing tone? The most important principle for writing temporary compounds is to use hyphens in them to prevent misreading. Abbreviate and hyphenate the initials if the author has a two-part, hyphenated first name in both in-text citations and in the references. The rules for hyphenating at line endings are so complicated that no one can be expected to … A hyphen is necessary in this case. APA Style, compound adjective, hyphenations, hyphens. These words work together to create a single concept that modifies a noun. Permalink | Hyphenating this particular part of speech can be a challenge, so APA Style has some basic guidelines to follow in these situations. Use them to avoid ambiguity or to form a single idea from two or more words. –Use a hyphen to join doubled prefixes: “sub-subparagraph.”. Chicago Manual spells out numbers one to ninety-nine; AP & APA spell out numbers one to nine) I counted sixty-five. Here’s a good test: Apply each modifier independently to the noun. This guidance is the same as in the 6th edition. One hyphen can make all the difference in clarity. Adding a hyphen would be redundant. Some common examples are presented next. When multiple modifiers have a common base, the base can be omitted in all except the last modifier, but the hyphens should be retained. Most compound adjective rules are applicable only when the compound adjective precedes the term it modifies. Comments (5), Hyphenation Station: When Not to Use a Hyphen, All five general principles for hyphens can also be found in this FAQ, Hyphenation Station: Repeated Hyphens in a Phrase, Hyphenation Station: Using Compound Adjectives, Hyphenation Station: The Hyphenation of Prefixes in APA Style, Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS), How to Cite Edition, Volume, and Page Numbers for Books. Hyphen in a Compound Expression With a Noun and Past Participle. The Associated Press is reversing some of its March 2019 guidance on how we … A simple hyphen can make a student’s day. Word order rules; Adverbials; Adjectives; Sentence structure; Parallelism; Modifiers. However, if the compound adjective appears after the noun, a hyphen is usually unnecessary (e.g., behavior related to decision making, group with high anxiety). The American Psychological Association (APA) style guide helps writers maintain a uniform way of writing and in particular, writing numbers. When the compound adjective comes before the noun it modifies, and the meaning of the term could be misread, a hyphen is often needed to make the meaning clear (e.g., all inclusive classrooms has a different meaning that all-inclusive classrooms). | Adding a hyphen, to write this as widely-attended gatherings, would not give the reader any additional information. Also include spaces and commas as needed after the hyphens to create the list. The correctly placed hyphen (nine-page reports) indicates that nine and page create a single concept, and that nine-page jointly modifies reports. | The Publication Manual contains additional prefixes and suffixes and corresponding examples that follow the same pattern as well as a handful of exceptions. Permalink The Seventh Edition of the Publication Manual Is Available for Preorder! An en dash (–) is wider than a hyphen (-). Compound modifiers that contain a past participle also follow the same rules as any other compound modifier. APA Style with Citation; Citation is a bibliographic database for academic writers. For example, if a compound adjective appears before a noun, use a hyphen (e.g., decision-making behavior, high-anxiety group). Do not insert a space before or after the en dash. Do not put a space after the period of the first initial and the - preceding the second initial. Use an en dash, not a hyphen, for page ranges, e.g. In the previous posts in this series (Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3), we discussed the general principles of hyphenation, as describe in much more detail on pages 97–100 of the Publication Manual. Three consistent rules: –Except for “cooperate” and “coordinate,” use a hyphen if the prefix ends in a vowel and the word that follows begins with the same vowel. Without the hyphen, the sentence seems to say that Springfield is a dreary place. The word that follows the hyphen is capitalized (e.g., un-American). With hyphen: Springfield has little-town charm. Modifiers Before Common Base (Use Hyphens), Modifiers After Common Base (No Hyphens), the students were in the 10th and 11th grades. It is different than sentence case, which refers to the capitalization rules in the body of a text. Our blog Hyphens with Numbers contains this general rule: when you’re combining two or more words to form a compound adjective in front of a noun, put hyphens between these words. The overall format may be similar for many papers, but your instructor might have specific requirements that vary depending on whether you are writing an essay or … Speaker: Hyphens are often used to create adjectives. If you don’t know what compound modifier is … 10 Simple Rules for Using Hyphen “-” (With Sample Sentences) Read More » General Principle 2 In a temporary compound that is used as an adjective before a noun, use a hyphen if the term can be misread or if the term expresses a single thought (i.e., all words together modify the noun). 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